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Routing Protocol Support of NS2 - (BCA / B.Tech)

Routing Protocol Support of NS2 in Hindi | Routing Protocol Support in NS2 in Hindi:

NS2 is a powerful tool for networking research and simulation with its extensive support for routing protocols. From static routing to dynamic and on-demand routing, NS2 is capable of accurately simulating the complex functions of routing in various networking environments.
By simulating these protocols, researchers can test various routing strategies, which can prove to be extremely important for real-world networks.

NS2 (Network Simulator 2) is an extremely useful network simulator that is used to simulate various types of network protocols. Support for routing protocols is particularly important in it,
because these protocols determine the path of data packets in the network. Routing protocols decide which path (route) is most suitable for sending packets from the source to the destination.

In this article, we will discuss in detail the routing protocol support in NS2, various types of routing protocols, and the simulation process.

1. Introduction to Routing Protocols

Routing protocols are responsible for sending data packets between different nodes of a network. The main function of routing protocols is to select the best path for the packets. Routing can be of two types:

Static Routing: In this, the routes are predetermined and these routes do not change when there is any change in the network.
Dynamic Routing: In this, the routes change automatically according to the condition of the network. Routing protocols are used between nodes so that the best path can be chosen according to different situations in the network.
A wide range of routing protocols are available in NS2, which can be used for different types of networks (both wired and wireless).

2. Types of Routing Protocols

The commonly used routing protocols in NS2 are as follows:

a. Static Routing

This is a simple type of routing protocol, in which the routes between the nodes of the network are predetermined and they remain stable. In this, the routes do not change based on the conditions of the network.

b. Dynamic Routing

In dynamic routing protocols, the nodes themselves determine the routes based on the conditions of the network. There are many protocols under dynamic routing, some of the main ones are:

i. Distance Vector (DV) Routing Protocol

In this protocol, each node sends the "distance" of its network to its neighboring nodes. Based on this information, the nodes decide which route is the shortest and most suitable. Example:

RIP (Routing Information Protocol): This is one of the simplest distance vector protocols, which determines the distance between nodes.

ii. Link-State Routing Protocol

In link-state routing, nodes try to know the entire state of the network (the state of the links). This routing protocol is more complex, but it provides a better understanding of the network.

Example:

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): This is a popular link-state protocol that gives each node in the network the lowest cost path to reach other nodes.

iii. Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols

These protocols are specially used for wireless networks and mobile networks, where nodes are constantly changing their position. Some of the main ad-hoc routing protocols are as follows:

AODV (Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector): This is an on-demand protocol, in which a route is searched for only when a node feels the need to send data.
DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector): This is a protocol based on distance vector, which is used for dynamic routing.
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing): This is a source-routing protocol, in which the routing decision is made by the sending node.

3. Setup of Routing Protocols in NS2

Setting up routing protocols in NS2 is easy. For each protocol, you need to select the correct protocol after setting up the network topology (nodes, links). Let's see how to set it up:

a. Example of Static Routing

# Creation of simulator object

set ns [new Simulator]

# Trace file for tracing

set tracefile [open out.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

# Creation of nodes

set node1 [$ns node]

set node2 [$ns node]

# Creating a link between nodes

$ns duplex-link $node1 $node2 1Mb 10ms DropTail

# Setting a static route

$node1 add-route-to-node $node2 1

$node2 add-route-to-node $node1 1

# Running the simulation

$ns run

In this example, we have established a fixed path between the nodes for static routing.

b. Example of AODV (On-demand routing)

AODV is a popular dynamic routing protocol that is used for on-demand routing. The following commands can be used to set it up in NS2:

# Setting up the AODV protocol

Agent/DSDV set routingAgent_ true

# Creation of simulation object

set ns [new Simulator]

# Creation of nodes

set node1 [$ns node]

set node2 [$ns node]

# Creating a link between nodes

$ns duplex-link $node1 $node2 1Mb 10ms DropTail

# Creating and attaching traffic

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns attach-agent $node1 $tcp

$ns attach-agent $node2 $sink

$ns connect $tcp $sink

# Running the simulation

$ns run

In this example, we have set up the AODV routing protocol, which is activated when the nodes start sending data.

4. Observation of the functioning of routing protocols

To observe the functioning of routing protocols, you can use a trace file, which contains information about each routing decision, sending and receiving of packets. You can also see a graphical animation of the simulation using NAM (Network Animator), which clearly shows the routing and transfer of packets between the nodes.

nam out.nam

5. Advantages and Challenges of Routing Protocols

Advantages of Routing Protocols in Hindi | Advantages:

Dynamic Routing protocols automatically update the route according to the changing conditions of the network.
On-demand protocols (like AODV) save energy and bandwidth because they set a route only when data needs to be sent.
Link-state protocols like OSPF are capable of determining accurate and minimum latency paths for all nodes in the network.

Objectives of Routing Protocols in Hindi | Challenges:

Dynamic routing requires more resources because the routes have to be constantly updated.
Routing becomes more complex in mobile networks due to the constantly changing position of the nodes.
In case of a link failure, routing protocols should have the ability to find a quick and accurate route.

Routing Protocol Support of NS2

Routing Protocol Support of NS2 in Hindi | Routing Protocol Support in NS2 in Hindi:

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