Memory Allocation in C++

Memory allocation is an important process used by computer programs and software to store data in memory. It is the process in which the computer system provides memory (RAM) to a program or process as needed, so that it can function correctly.

Static memory allocation is the process in which memory is allocated at the time of program compilation. This means that the amount and location of memory are decided before the program runs. Once the memory is allocated, it cannot be changed during the program's duration.

Advantages: Simplicity, fast execution, less overhead.

Disadvantages: Memory wastage, lack of flexibility, unsuitable for dynamic data structures.

Dynamic memory allocation is the process in which memory is allocated as needed during the program's run-time. This method is useful when we do not know how much memory will be needed during the program. Functions like `malloc()`, `calloc()`, `realloc()`, and `free()` (in C/C++) are used for dynamic memory allocation.

Advantages: Efficient use of memory, flexibility, suitable for large data.

Disadvantages: Risk of memory leakage, slower execution, complexity.

Heap Memory Allocation: This is the memory area where dynamic memory allocation occurs.

Stack Memory Allocation: This is the memory area where static memory allocation is done.