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Kernel-Based Operating System - (BCA / B.Tech)

Kernel-Based Operating System:

The Kernel is a major component of an operating system that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and software. It is the part of the OS that communicates directly with the hardware and operates the critical functionalities of the system. The purpose of the kernel is to manage hardware resources (like CPU, memory, I/O devices) and provide various applications with access to the hardware.

What is a Kernel?

The kernel is the main component of an operating system that establishes direct contact with the hardware and provides user applications with access to it. It is also called "the heart of the OS" because the operating system cannot function without it.

Main Roles of the Kernel:

Process Management, Memory Management, File System Management, Device Management, and System Calls Handling.

Types of Kernels:

Monolithic Kernel: All OS services and functions are kept in a large code base. (Ex: Linux, Unix). It offers high performance but is complex to debug.
Microkernel: Only core functions like process and memory management are kept in the kernel space. (Ex: Minix, QNX). It is more modular and secure but may have lower performance.
Hybrid Kernel: A mix of monolithic and microkernel elements. (Ex: Windows NT, MacOS). It offers a good balance of speed and modularity.
Exokernel: A newer design where the kernel does minimal work and provides maximum hardware access to applications. (Ex: MIT Exokernel).

Advantages of Kernel-Based Operating Systems:

Performance Improvement, efficient Process and Memory Management, Security, Multitasking and Multithreading, and Device Management.

Disadvantages of Kernel-Based Operating Systems:

System Crash (if the kernel has a bug), Complexity, Difficulty in Update and Maintenance, and Performance Degradation (in microkernels).

Kernel-Based Operating System

Kernel-Based Operating System:

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