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Linux Commands - (BCA / B.Tech)

Commands of Linux in Hindi | Linux Commands in Hindi:

Hundreds of commands are used to perform various tasks in Linux. Some common commands are often used, such as creating files, deleting them, creating directories (folders), and other basic tasks. Here all the main commands are explained with their uses.

Directives and commands to create files in Hindi | Commands to create directories and files

a. Creating a directory (folder) – mkdir

Command: mkdir <directory name>

Example: mkdir my_directory

This command will create a new directory named "my_directory".

b. Creating files – touch

Command: touch <file name>

Example: touch myfile.txt

This command will create a new empty file "myfile.txt".

c. Creating a file and adding text to it – echo and >

Command: echo "<text>" > <file name>

Example: echo "Hello, World!" > myfile.txt

This command will add the text "Hello, World!" to the file "myfile.txt".

Directives and commands to Delete files in Hindi | Commands to remove directories and files

a. Removing a file – rm

Command: rm <file name>

Example: rm myfile.txt

This command will delete the file "myfile.txt".

b. Removing a directory – rmdir (for an empty directory)

Command: rmdir <directory name>

Example: rmdir my_directory

This command will remove the empty directory named "my_directory".

c. Removing a directory and all its contents – rm -r

Command: rm -r <directory name>

Example: rm -r my_directory

This command will delete "my_directory" and all its files and sub-directories.

Commands for directory navigation in Hindi | Commands for directory navigation

a. Changing directory – cd

Command: cd <directory path>

Example: cd my_directory

This command will navigate to "my_directory".

b. Showing the current directory – pwd

Command: pwd

Example: pwd

This command will show the path of the current working directory.

c. Going up one level – cd ..

Command: cd ..

This command will take you one level up from the current directory.

Commands to view file and directory information in Hindi | Commands to view file and directory information

a. Showing a directory list – ls

Command: ls

Example: ls

This command shows a list of all files and folders in the current directory.

b. Showing a detailed list – ls -l

Command: ls -l

Example: ls -l

This command shows a detailed list of files and folders, including their permissions, size, and creation date.

c. Showing hidden files – ls -a

Command: ls -a

Example: ls -a

This command also shows hidden files, whose names start with ".".

Commands to copy and move files and directories in Hindi | Commands to copy and move files and directories

a. Copying a file – cp

Command: cp <source file> <destination>

Example: cp myfile.txt /home/user/backup/

This command will copy the file "myfile.txt" to the "backup" directory.

b. Copying a directory – cp -r

Command: cp -r <source directory> <destination>

Example: cp -r my_directory /home/user/backup/

This command will copy "my_directory" and all its contents to the "backup" directory.

c. Moving a file or directory – mv

Command: mv <source> <destination>

Example: mv myfile.txt /home/user/backup/

This command will move "myfile.txt" to the "backup" directory.

d. Renaming – mv

Command: mv <old name> <new name>

Example: mv oldfile.txt newfile.txt

This command will rename "oldfile.txt" to "newfile.txt".

Commands for file and directory permissions in Hindi | Commands for file and directory permissions

a. Changing the permissions of files and directories – chmod

Command: chmod <permission> <file or directory>

Example: chmod 755 myfile.txt

This command will change the permissions of "myfile.txt" so that the owner has read, write, and execute permissions, and other users have only read and execute permissions.

b. Changing the owner of a file – chown

Command: chown <owner name> <file or directory>

Example: chown user myfile.txt

This command will change the owner of the file "myfile.txt" to "user".

System information and process management commands in Hindi | System information and process management commands

a. Viewing system information – uname

Command: uname -a

This command displays all information about the system, such as the kernel version, system name, and architecture.

b. Viewing system memory information – free

Command: free -h

This command gives information about the available and used RAM in the system.

c. Viewing running processes – ps

Command: ps -aux

This command shows a list of all currently running processes.

d. Killing a process – kill

Command: kill <pid>

Example: kill 1234

This command will kill the process with PID (Process ID) 1234.

e. Shutting down the system – shutdown

Command: sudo shutdown now

This command will immediately shut down the system.

Networking and Internet related commands in Hindi | Networking and Internet related commands

a. Viewing IP address – ifconfig

Command: ifconfig

This command shows the information and IP address of the network interface.

b. Pinging a host – ping

Command: ping <host name or IP>

Example: ping google.com

This command pings the host and checks the status of the network connection.

These are some of the main Linux commands that will help you in file and directory management, getting system information, and checking network connection.

Most Important Commands in Linux in Hindi | Most Important Commands in Linux in Hindi:

Files & Navigation

ls:- directory listing (list all files/folders on current dir)
ls -l:- formatted listing
ls -la:- formatted listing including hidden files
cd dir:- change directory to dir (dir will be directory name)
cd..:- change to parent directory
cd../dir:- change to dir in parent directory
cd:- change to home directory
pwd:- show current directory
mkdir dir - create a directory dir
rm file: delete file
rm -f file:- force remove file
rm -r dir:- delete directory dir
rm-rf dir:- remove directory dir
cp file1 file2 :- copy file1 to file2
mv file1 file2 :- rename file1 to file2
mv file1 dir/file2:- move file1 to dir as file2
touch file: create or update file
cat file :- output contents of file
cat > file :- write standard input into file
cat >> file : append standard input into file
tail -f file :- output contents of file as it grows

Networking

ping host:- ping host
whois domain :- get whois for domain
dig domain :- get DNS for domain
dig -x host:- reverse lookup host
wget file:- download file
wget -c file: continue stopped download
wget -r url:- recursively download files from url
curl url :- outputs the webpage from url
curl -o meh.html url:- writes the page to meh.html
ssh user@host:- connect to host as user
ssh -p port user@host:- connect using port
ssh -D port user@host:- connect & use bind port

Processes

ps :- display currently active processes
ps aux:- detailed outputs
kill pid:- kill process with process id (pid)
killall proc :- kill all processes named proc

System Info

date :- show current date/time
uptime:- show uptime
whoami :- who you're logged in as
w:- display who is online
cat /proc/cpuinfo:- display cpu info
cat /proc/meminfo:- memory info
free:- show memory and swap usage
du:- show directory space usage
du -sh:- displays readable sizes in GB
df:- show disk usage
uname -a: show kernel config

Archive & compress

tar cf file.tar files :- tar files into file.tar
tar xf file.tar: untar into current directory
tar tf file.tar:- show contents of archive

Options:-

c - create archive
t - table of contents
x - extract
z - use zip/gzip
f - specify filename
j - bzip2 compression
w - ask for confirmation
k - do not overwrite
T - files from file
v - verbose

Permissions

chmod octal file - change permissions of file
4 - read (r)
2 - write (w)
1 - execute (x)
order: owner/group/world
chmod 777:- rwx for everyone
chmod 755:- rw for owner, rx for group/world

Other Commands

grep pattern files:- search in files for pattern
grep -r pattern dir:- search for pattern recursively in dir
locate file :- find all instances of file
whereis app :- show possible locations of app
man command:- show manual page for command

Linux Commands

Commands of Linux in Hindi | Linux Commands in Hindi:

Most Important Commands in Linux in Hindi | Most Important Commands in Linux in Hindi:

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