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Process Control in Linux - (BCA / B.Tech)

Process Control in Linux:

Linux is a multitasking and multiuser operating system where many processes can run simultaneously. Process control refers to the methods and mechanisms used in Linux to manage, control, and monitor processes. This includes process creation, execution, suspension, termination, and communication.

What is a Process? A process is an instance of a running program. It includes the program code, data, registers, stack, and heap. Every process has a unique identifier called a Process ID (PID). Processes can be Foreground (interactive) or Background (run without direct user interaction).

Process Control Operations:

Process Creation: In Linux, new processes are created using the `fork()` system call, which creates a child process from a parent process.
Process Execution: After creation, a new program can be executed using the `exec()` family of system calls, which replaces the current process image with a new one.
Process Termination: A process can terminate using the `exit()` system call. Its resources are then returned to the system.
Suspending and Resuming a Process: Processes are controlled using signals. Signals like `SIGSTOP` can suspend a process, and `SIGCONT` can resume it. The `kill` command is used to send these signals.
Getting Process Information: Commands like `ps`, `top`, and `htop` are used to get information about running processes.
Process Priority: Each process has a priority, known as a "nice value." The `nice` and `renice` commands are used to change a process's priority.

Process Communication:

Linux provides several mechanisms for processes to communicate with each other, including Pipes, Message Queues, Shared Memory, and Signals.

Process Control Block (PCB):

The PCB is a data structure used by the kernel to store information about each process, such as its PID, state, program counter, CPU registers, and memory management information. The OS uses the PCB to monitor and manage the process.

Process Control in Linux

Process Control in Linux:

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