What is an Operating System (OS)

An Operating System (OS) is the software that acts as an interface between the computer and the user. It is also called system software.

An operating system is a set of instructions that is stored on a storage device. It is a group of programs that manages the computer's resources and operations.

The OS is the first program that is loaded into the computer; it is also called the "program of programs."

The OS manages all the operations of the computer.

Types of Operating Systems

• Character User Interface (CUI): CUI is not user-friendly and always requires commands to be typed to operate. For example, DOS is a CUI operating system.
• Graphical User Interface (GUI): A GUI operating system is user-friendly and does not require commands to be typed to operate; you just need to click with the mouse. For example, Windows is a GUI operating system.

Functions of an Operating System

The main function of the OS is to run various programs and applications. It acts as a bridge between the computer's hardware and software.

Without an OS, a computer is useless.

In a multitasking operating system, several programs can run at the same time, and the OS determines which program will run when and for how long.

Features of an Operating System

• Memory Management: The OS manages memory, keeps full track of primary memory, and sees which part of memory is being used by which program.
• Processor Management: It allocates the processor (CPU) to programs and de-allocates it when the program no longer needs the processor.
• Device Management: The OS keeps track of all devices; it is also called the I/O controller. The OS also decides which program gets which device, when, and for how long.
• File Management: It allocates and de-allocates resources and decides which program gets which resources.
• Security: It protects any program or data from unauthorized access. It uses passwords and other techniques for this.
• Reliability: It is very reliable because it can detect viruses and harmful codes.
• Cost: The cost of an operating system depends on its features. For example, Windows costs about $100 while DOS and UNIX are free.
• Ease of Use: It can be used easily because it has a GUI interface.

Advantages of an Operating System

• It is easy to use because of its graphical user interface, allowing new users to operate the computer easily.
• Through it, we can share data with many users.
• Through it, we can share resources, like a printer.
• They can be easily updated.
• It is secure; for example, Windows has Windows Defender which detects and removes harmful files.
• Through it, we can install and run any game or software.
• Some operating systems (like LINUX) are open source, which we can run on our computers for free.

Disadvantages of an Operating System

• Some operating systems are free, but some are expensive; for example, Windows costs about ₹5000 to ₹10000.
• Running Linux is a bit more difficult than Windows.
• Sometimes they do not support certain hardware.
• Mac OS has a higher risk of viruses.