Security Specifications in SQL

Security Specifications in SQL:

• Authentication: The process of verifying the identity of a user trying to access the database. This is typically done with a username and password. SQL Server supports Windows Authentication and SQL Server Authentication.
• Authorization: The process of determining what an authenticated user is allowed to do. This is managed by granting or revoking permissions on database objects.
• Access Control: Implemented using `GRANT` and `REVOKE` statements. `GRANT` gives specific permissions (like `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`) on objects (like tables, views) to users or roles. `REVOKE` takes those permissions away.
• Data Encryption: The process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access. Data can be encrypted "at rest" (on disk) using features like Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) or at the column level, and "in transit" (over the network) using protocols like SSL/TLS.